Deel vs Rippling

Last reviewedApril 2026
Reading time18 min
Last reviewed April 2026 Based on pricing verification, entity structure analysis, and 10 scenario assessments

Deel and Rippling have emerged as the two highest-valued global workforce platforms – Deel at $12B, Rippling at $13.5B. Yet they represent fundamentally different approaches to the same problem.

Deel built from international employment outward. 150+ EOR countries.

Owned entities. Immigration services.

Contractor misclassification protection. Everything optimised for complex global hiring.

Rippling built from unified operations inward. HR, IT, and Finance in one platform.

Single-click provisioning that cascades across systems. Automated compliance tracking.

Everything optimised for operational control.

The tension isn’t which platform has more features. It’s whether you need international depth or operational breadth – and which gaps you’re willing to accept.

01

The head-to-head

Choose Deel for transparent EOR pricing, contractor management, and equity tools; choose Rippling to unify HR, IT, and payroll across domestic and international teams.

Compared
Deel
Rippling
Score (Whichapp composite, /10) 9.1 6.4
Price $599From $599/mo Quote-based
Deposit 1-1.5x total monthly cost (refundable) Varies
Countries 150+ 80
Entity model Owned + partner (split undisclosed) Owned + partner
Best for Contractor management, equity, 150+ country breadth Unified HR + IT + payroll in one platform
Watch out for Partner entity disclosure limited by country US-centric; EOR country reach is narrower
Source · provider pricing pages and product documentation verified April 2026. Affiliate links used where programmes are live.

The verdict: Deel vs Rippling

Summary

Deel goes deeper internationally

150+ EOR countries and in-house immigration.

Rippling goes wider operationally

A unified HR, IT and Finance data graph.

Price from

Deel

EOR from $599/mo per employee (negotiable to $400-500 at 20+ headcount), contractor management $49/mo, Contractor of Record $325/mo with misclassification protection.

Rippling

EOR $499-599/mo per employee (quote-based), core HRIS from $8/mo + $35 base fee, IT Cloud roughly $8/device/mo for device management and SSO.

Best for

Deel

Teams hiring across 15+ countries that need 150+ EOR coverage, in-house visa sponsorship in 30+ jurisdictions, and a mature contractor product for 50+ global freelancers.

Rippling

Series B+ teams consolidating HR, IT and Finance into one Workforce Graph, typically replacing BambooHR plus Gusto plus Okta plus Jamf in a single platform.

Deal breaker

Deel

Reported DOJ criminal investigation plus ongoing Rippling espionage suit and Deel counter-suit, which risk-sensitive procurement and legal teams in regulated industries may reject outright.

Rippling

EOR footprint of 80 countries leaves gaps in emerging markets, and modular per-module pricing is hard to forecast for finance teams running annual budgets.

How evaluated: Live pricing pages on both vendors + Whichapp 2026-03 comparison dossier + G2 ratings (Deel 4.8 across ~14,287 reviews, Rippling 4.8 across ~14,195 reviews, verified June 2026). Last checked: 2026-03-31 · Whichapp evaluates comparison pages quarterly. No paid placement.

02

Verification data: entity ownership models differ significantly

Deel operates owned entities in 100+ countries. Corporate registry searches confirm direct ownership in UK (Deel UK Ltd, #12953623), Germany (Deel Germany GmbH), and Singapore (Deel Singapore Pte Ltd).

Rippling pricing entity structure is less transparent. They confirm owned entities in major markets but rely more heavily on partner arrangements in emerging markets. This impacts compliance control and pricing flexibility.

Global Payroll interface showing contractor Amit Moore's salary details with amounts in rupees and payment history information.
Source: Rippling marketing site, May 2026.
03

Deel vs Rippling at a Glance

The head-to-head card above sets the frame. Deel is an international-employment platform that grew outward from contractor and EOR hiring into a wider HR suite.

Rippling is a unified workforce platform that grew inward from US HR, IT and payroll into international employment. The two meet in the middle, but they arrive from opposite ends.

Deel publishes EOR pricing from $599 per employee per month and covers 150+ countries, with owned entities in 100+ of them. Rippling quotes EOR per employee on request and reaches a narrower EOR footprint, with its strength concentrated in the connected HR, IT and Finance data graph.

The short version: pick Deel for international depth and contractor breadth, pick Rippling to run one system for HR, IT and payroll. The rest of this comparison stress-tests that summary against pricing, compliance, coverage and support.

04

Full Comparison Table: Deel vs Rippling

The detailed feature table below lays out coverage, entity model, contractor fees, HRIS, IT management, EOR pricing, immigration, integrations and G2 ratings side by side. Read it as the evidence base for everything below.

Two rows do most of the work. Deel leads on EOR country coverage (150+ versus 80) and in-house immigration; Rippling leads on native HRIS, IT management and integration count (500+ versus 100+).

Everything else in this article explains what those rows actually mean for a buyer signing a 12-month contract.

Feature
Deel
Rippling
EOR country coverage150+ countries80 countries
Entity ownership modelOwned entities in 100+ countriesMix of owned + partners
Contractor management$49/contractor/month + Shield$30/contractor/month
HRIS capabilitiesBasic (via BambooHR partnership)Full HRIS from $8/employee/month
IT managementNo native offeringMDM, SSO, device management included
EOR pricingFrom $599/month (negotiable)$499-599/month (quote-based)
Immigration supportIn-house visa servicesPartner referrals only
Integration count100+ integrations500+ integrations
G2 rating4.8/5 (14,200+ reviews)4.8/5 (14,200+ reviews)
Source: Platform documentation and G2 reviews, verified March 2026. Note: Coverage counts include partner arrangements.
05

What Are the Key Differences Between Deel and Rippling?

The platforms diverge most sharply on five operational dimensions. Your priority ranking among these dimensions effectively makes the decision.

A platform streamlines global HR and payroll, showing compliance for policies and certifications alongside employee-specific updates.
Source: Deel marketing site, May 2026.

Best for Pricing

Deel starts at $599/employee/month for EOR but negotiates down toward $400-500 at 20+ headcount. Contractor payments cost $49/month flat.

Rippling quotes $499-599/employee/month for EOR on request. Its modular HRIS pricing from $8/employee/month plus a $35 base fee can stack into a larger bill than the EOR line alone.

The catch for both: neither headline price includes employer taxes, which add a substantial percentage on top, or FX margins on cross-border pay. Your CFO will see those on the first invoice, so model the loaded cost, not the sticker.

Best for Compliance

Deel’s compliance posture rests on owned entities in 100+ countries and in-house legal teams, plus Shield protection for contractor misclassification. That depth is real, but it sits alongside a reported DOJ criminal investigation that risk-sensitive buyers cannot ignore.

Rippling leans on automated compliance tracking inside its data graph, which is strong for connected HR and IT but thinner in emerging-market EOR. The honest read is that each provider is strongest exactly where the other is weakest.

Best for Country Coverage

Deel wins coverage outright on the numbers: 150+ EOR countries against Rippling’s 80, with the gap widest in Africa, Eastern Europe and emerging Asia.

Rippling’s narrower EOR reach is the trade for its operational depth elsewhere. If your hiring map runs through growth markets, coverage alone may settle the decision before any other dimension.

Best for Support

Deel runs a chat-first support model that scales well for self-sufficient HR teams but can feel impersonal when a complex case lands. Rippling skews toward named account contacts, which helps on thorny issues but is harder to reach instantly at the lowest tiers.

Neither model is universally better. The right one depends on whether your team prefers fast self-service or a person who already knows your account.

Best for Unified Operations

This is Rippling’s home turf. Its 500+ integrations and native IT management (MDM, SSO, device management) let one system provision a new hire across HR, payroll and laptops in a single click.

Deel offers no native IT management and a smaller integration set, so unified operations means stitching in third-party tools. If consolidation is the goal, Rippling is the structurally stronger fit.

06

What Is Deel and What Does It Offer?

Deel is a global employment platform built outward from contractor payments and EOR hiring. It now spans EOR, contractor management, global payroll and a growing HR layer, all aimed at companies hiring across many countries at once.

How Deel Approaches Owned-Entity EOR

Deel runs owned entities in 100+ countries, with direct ownership confirmed in registries such as Deel UK Ltd (#12953623), Deel Germany GmbH and Deel Singapore Pte Ltd. Owned entities give Deel tighter control over local compliance and faster onboarding, often within one to three days in standard markets.

Where it lacks an owned entity, Deel uses partner arrangements, and the owned-versus-partner split is not fully disclosed by country. That matters because partner entities add a layer between you and the local employer of record.

Where Deel Has an Edge

Deel’s edge is breadth and contractor maturity: 150+ EOR countries, in-house visa and immigration services, and a contractor product with Shield misclassification protection at $49 per contractor per month. For a team running 50+ global freelancers, that infrastructure is hard to match.

Published EOR pricing from $599 also gives buyers a starting number to model against, which Rippling’s quote-only approach does not.

Where Deel Falls Short

Deel offers no native IT or device management, so it cannot consolidate the HR-plus-IT stack the way Rippling can. Its HRIS is basic, historically leaning on a BambooHR partnership rather than a deep native system.

The larger drawback is reputational: a reported DOJ criminal investigation and the ongoing Rippling espionage suit and Deel counter-suit give procurement and legal teams in regulated industries a reason to pause.

07

What Is Rippling and What Does It Offer?

Rippling is a unified workforce platform built inward from US HR, IT and Finance. Its core idea is a single data graph where one employee record drives payroll, benefits, devices and access together.

How Rippling Approaches the Unified HR Platform

Rippling treats HR, IT and Finance as one connected system rather than separate tools bolted together. Hiring someone provisions their payroll, benefits, laptop and software access in one cascading action, which is the product’s signature strength.

International employment sits as a module on top of that graph, using a mix of owned and partner entities. The unification is genuine, but the EOR layer is newer and narrower than Deel’s.

Where Rippling Has an Edge

Rippling’s edge is consolidation: full native HRIS from $8/employee/month, built-in IT management with MDM and SSO, and 500+ integrations against Deel’s 100+. For a US-heavy team replacing BambooHR plus Gusto plus Okta plus Jamf, that single system is a real cost and admin saving.

Its 4.8/5 G2 rating across a large review base reflects how much buyers value running one platform instead of five.

Where Rippling Falls Short

Rippling’s EOR country coverage (80) trails Deel’s 150+, with the gap concentrated in emerging markets where many growth teams need to hire. Its quote-based, per-module pricing is also hard to forecast for finance teams running fixed annual budgets.

And like Deel, Rippling carries litigation overhang from the mutual lawsuits, which enterprise legal teams will factor in.

08

How Do Deel and Rippling Compare on Features: International Depth vs Operational Breadth?

Feature parity is not the question here. The question is whether you want international employment depth or a unified operations platform, because each provider is built around one of those answers.

Employer of Record Services

Deel’s EOR is its founding product: 150+ countries, owned entities, fast onboarding and published pricing. Rippling’s EOR is capable but newer, with narrower coverage and a quote-only price.

For pure EOR across many countries, Deel is the deeper tool; for EOR that plugs into an existing Rippling HR system, Rippling wins on integration.

Contractor Management

Deel charges $49 per contractor per month and pairs it with Shield misclassification protection and localised contracts. Rippling offers contractor payments at $30 per contractor per month and pays contractors in 185+ countries and 50+ currencies; it also runs its own Contractor of Record and a free classification assessment, so the gap on safeguards is narrower than the headline fee suggests, even if Deel's contractor product is the more mature of the two.

High contractor volume with compliance risk still leans Deel on maturity; broad, lower-cost contractor payments inside one workforce system lean Rippling.

Global Payroll

Both run global payroll, but the architecture differs. Deel processes payroll through its owned-entity network across many countries, while Rippling routes payroll through its unified graph so it reconciles automatically against HR and benefits data.

Rippling’s reconciliation is cleaner inside its own ecosystem; Deel’s reach is wider outside it.

HR Tools and Integrations

Rippling is the clear leader here: native HRIS from $8/employee/month, built-in IT and device management, and 500+ integrations. Deel’s HRIS is basic and its integration count sits around 100+, so it depends more on external tools.

If the HR and IT stack is the priority, Rippling is structurally ahead. Deel falls short on native breadth.

Onboarding and User Experience

Deel onboards EOR hires fast, often in one to three days, with a self-service flow. Rippling’s deeper integration means setup can take longer because more systems are being wired together at once.

Speed favours Deel; depth of configuration favours Rippling. The right trade depends on whether you want hires live this week or a fully connected system next month.

09

How Do Deel and Rippling Compare on Pricing: Published EOR vs Quote-Only Modules?

The pricing contrast is structural. Deel publishes an EOR starting price; Rippling quotes EOR and sells the rest as stackable modules.

Deel Pricing Model

Deel lists EOR from $599/employee/month, negotiable toward $400-500 at 20+ headcount, with contractor management at $49/month and Contractor of Record at $325/month with misclassification protection. A published floor makes budgeting easier.

The limitation is that the headline excludes employer taxes and FX, so the real loaded cost runs meaningfully higher.

Rippling Pricing Model

Rippling quotes EOR at $499-599/employee/month and prices HRIS from $8/employee/month plus a $35 base fee, with IT Cloud roughly $8/device/month. The modular model rewards buyers who use the whole platform.

The drawback is forecasting: per-module pricing can stack unpredictably, which finance teams on fixed budgets find harder to plan than a single published rate.

Hidden Fees and Add-Ons

Neither headline price includes employer taxes, which add a large percentage on top of gross pay, or FX margins on cross-border payments. Deposits also apply, with Deel typically holding one to 1.5x the total monthly cost (refundable).

The honest framing for both: the sticker price is the start of the conversation, not the end of it.

Which Offers Better Value?

For pure international EOR, Deel’s published, negotiable pricing tends to be easier to value and control. For a team consolidating HR, IT and payroll, Rippling’s bundle can beat the cost of buying those systems separately.

Value tracks usage: narrow EOR favours Deel, full-platform consolidation favours Rippling.

10

How Do Deel and Rippling Compare on Compliance: Owned Entities vs Automated Tracking?

Compliance is where the two diverge most on substance. Deel leans on owned entities and legal depth; Rippling leans on automated tracking inside its data graph.

Entity Ownership Model

Deel operates owned entities in 100+ countries, with direct ownership confirmed in UK, German and Singapore registries, giving it tight control in markets it owns. Rippling runs a mix of owned and partner entities, with the split undisclosed by country.

Owned entities reduce the layers between client and local employer. Where Deel uses partners, that advantage narrows.

Legal Infrastructure and Indemnification

Deel pairs in-house legal teams with Shield, its contractor misclassification protection product. Rippling counters with its own Contractor of Record, which engages the contractor on your behalf to reduce misclassification risk, plus a free classification assessment, so both offer a route to shift classification liability rather than just tooling.

For classification-heavy use cases Deel’s product is the more mature and heavily marketed; for connected HR compliance Rippling’s automation is more seamless, and its Contractor of Record covers the core protection need.

Worker Classification and IP Protection

Deel’s contractor-first roots show in localised contracts and classification safeguards built for high freelancer volumes. Rippling keeps classification data consistent across one record and also offers a Contractor of Record as a separate protection layer, so it is not purely a data-consistency play.

Heavy contractor classification risk still favours Deel on depth and maturity; clean internal data consistency plus a workable Contractor of Record favours Rippling.

Country-Specific Compliance Depth

In owned-entity markets, Deel’s local legal presence gives it depth that partner-routed models struggle to match. Rippling’s depth is strongest where its owned entities and automation overlap, and thinner in emerging-market EOR.

UK payroll and IR35. For UK hires both run compliant PAYE payroll: Deel handles PAYE, Real Time Information filings, National Insurance and pension auto-enrolment, and Rippling runs native UK payroll with no separate setup fee plus custom workflows for tasks like right-to-work checks. On IR35, hiring a UK worker through Deel’s EOR makes that person an employee of Deel’s UK entity, which takes the IR35 question off your books; for contractors, Deel adds a misclassification assessment tool and Rippling offers a free classification assessment with HMRC CEST guidance, though Rippling’s IR35 edge cases are lighter and may need extra advice.

Security and certifications. Both meet the usual enterprise bar: Deel holds ISO 27001 and SOC 2 (data on AWS, encrypted at rest), and Rippling holds SOC 1 Type 2 and SOC 2 Type 2 with encryption in transit and at rest. Neither is a differentiator here; both clear standard procurement security checks.

The overhang for both is litigation: the reported US Department of Justice criminal probe into the Deel-Rippling espionage allegations (which Deel says it is not aware of and is contesting) and the mutual lawsuits mean even a strong compliance product comes with a corporate-risk asterisk.

11

How Do Deel and Rippling Compare on Country Coverage: 150+ vs 80 EOR Countries?

Coverage is the cleanest numeric gap in this comparison. Deel reaches 150+ EOR countries; Rippling reaches 80.

Total Country Coverage

Deel’s 150+ countries, with owned entities in 100+ of them, is among the widest EOR footprints available. Rippling’s 80 EOR countries is solid but narrower, reflecting its later entry into international employment. The caveat in Rippling’s favour: while its owned-EOR list is 80, it can pay contractors and run payments in 185+ countries and 50+ currencies, so the gap matters most when you specifically need full employment (EOR), not contractor pay, in a market Rippling does not cover directly.

For a single-country or established-market hire, both work. For a wide map, Deel’s extra reach is decisive.

Strength in Key Hiring Markets

In major markets like the US, UK, Germany and Singapore, both providers operate owned entities and perform reliably. The two are close enough here that coverage alone rarely separates them.

If your hiring stays inside the top global hubs, this dimension is close to a tie, and other factors should drive the choice.

Where Coverage Quality Differs

The gap widens in Africa, Eastern Europe and emerging Asia, where Deel’s broader network reaches markets Rippling does not. Rippling’s narrower EOR footprint leaves real gaps for growth-stage teams hiring in frontier markets.

Coverage counts can include partner arrangements, so verify owned-versus-partner status in your specific target countries before signing.

12

How Do Deel and Rippling Compare on Support: Chat-First Scale vs Account-Led Service?

Support models mirror each platform’s philosophy. Deel optimises for self-service at scale; Rippling leans toward account-led service.

Account Management and Service Model

Deel’s model suits HR teams confident running global hires with light support, which keeps cost down but offers less hand-holding. Rippling tilts toward named contacts who know your account, which helps on complex cases but is less instant at entry tiers.

Self-sufficient teams favour Deel; teams wanting a person on the account favour Rippling.

Support Channels and Response Times

Deel is chat-first, which is fast for routine questions but can feel impersonal when a case is genuinely complex. Rippling spans more channels tied to its account model, though reach at the lowest tier can be slower.

Routine, high-volume queries suit Deel’s model; intricate, account-specific issues suit Rippling’s.

Customer Reviews and Common Issues

On G2, Deel sits at 4.8/5 across 14,200+ reviews and Rippling at 4.8/5 across 14,200+ reviews, so both are well-regarded. Common Deel complaints cluster around partner-market support handoffs; common Rippling friction points are pricing complexity and EOR coverage gaps.

Both score highly, but the recurring complaints map neatly onto each platform’s known weak spot.

13

Which Should You Choose: Deel or Rippling?

The decision reduces to a simple trade-off: international employment depth versus operational platform breadth. Your workforce structure and growth trajectory determine the right choice.

In our assessment, the choice is rarely about which platform is objectively better. It is about which weakness you can live with: Deel’s thin IT and HRIS layer, or Rippling’s narrower EOR coverage.

Choose Deel If

  • You are building a globally distributed team without entities. Deel’s 150+ country coverage and owned-entity infrastructure remove geographic constraints, and in-house immigration support enables talent mobility.
  • You manage 50+ international contractors. Deel’s contractor-first infrastructure, Shield protection and localised contracts reduce misclassification risk while simplifying payments.
  • The caveat: you must be comfortable with the reported DOJ investigation and accept a basic HRIS with no native IT management.

Choose Rippling If

  • You want one system for HR, IT and payroll, especially for a US-heavy workforce. Rippling’s unified graph, native IT management and 500+ integrations replace several point tools at once.
  • You value automated compliance tracking and clean reconciliation across one employee record more than the widest possible country list.
  • The caveat: accept narrower EOR coverage (80 countries) and quote-based, per-module pricing that is harder to forecast.

Consider an Alternative If

  • The litigation overhang on both providers is a dealbreaker for your legal team, or you need maximum pricing transparency. In that case, a flat-rate, owned-entity provider may fit better.
  • If neither international depth nor operational breadth is decisive, the alternatives below address narrower priorities like price predictability or employee experience.
14

What Are the Best Alternatives to Deel and Rippling?

When neither platform fits perfectly, these alternatives address specific gaps in coverage, service model, or functionality.

Remote.com

Remote suits buyers who prioritise compliance transparency and predictable pricing, with flat-rate EOR and owned entities across a focused country set. It publishes an employment-cost calculator openly, a transparency level Deel and Rippling do not match.

The limitation is breadth: Remote lacks Rippling’s operational depth and trails Deel’s raw country count. Choose Remote when pricing predictability matters more than maximum coverage.

Oyster

Oyster appeals to teams that weight employee experience and compliance highly, with thoughtful onboarding and an equity-sharing rewards programme. It is a strong fit for values-led distributed teams.

Its limitation is scale: Oyster’s coverage and contractor tooling are lighter than Deel’s, so very large or contractor-heavy programmes may outgrow it.

Multiplier

Multiplier targets teams that want straightforward EOR and global payroll without a heavy platform layer, often at competitive pricing. It works well for lean global hiring.

The trade-off is that it lacks Rippling’s unified IT and HR breadth and Deel’s contractor-protection depth, so it suits simpler needs rather than complex ones.

15

Frequently Asked Questions

Which platform offers better EOR coverage breadth?

Deel covers 150+ countries versus Rippling’s 80. The difference concentrates in Africa (Deel 35 countries, Rippling 12), Eastern Europe, and emerging Asia. For truly global hiring, Deel’s coverage advantage is decisive.

How do pricing models actually compare?

Both charge $499-599/employee/month for EOR, but total costs include 20-40% employer taxes. Deel negotiates down to $400-500 at volume.

Rippling’s modular platform pricing can exceed EOR costs for full utilization. Neither includes FX margins of 0.5-2% per transaction.

Does Rippling really replace my entire HRIS and IT stack?

Yes, for most mid-market companies. Rippling includes full HRIS, payroll, benefits administration, device management, and SSO. Large enterprises may need specialized point solutions, but companies under 1,000 employees can run entirely on Rippling.

What about Deel’s lack of device management?

Deel offers no native IT management. You’ll need separate tools for device procurement, MDM, and access control.

This creates operational overhead for distributed teams. Rippling’s integrated IT management becomes a significant advantage at scale.

How does the ongoing litigation affect buyers?

The DOJ investigation into Deel and civil suits against Rippling create uncertainty but haven’t impacted operations yet. Enterprise buyers should request legal opinions on entity structure stability. Both platforms maintain strong funding positions to weather legal challenges.

Which platform handles contractor management better?

Deel charges $49 per contractor per month and adds Shield misclassification protection plus localised contracts, which suits high-volume, compliance-sensitive contractor programmes.

Rippling is cheaper at $30 per contractor per month, pays contractors in 185+ countries, and offers its own Contractor of Record plus a free classification assessment; Deel’s contractor product is simply the more mature for heavy, high-risk programmes.

Do both platforms offer immigration and visa support?

Deel provides in-house visa and immigration services, which is a genuine advantage for teams relocating talent across borders.

Rippling relies on partner referrals for immigration rather than a native service, so complex mobility cases need more coordination on your side.

How difficult is switching between platforms?

Switching EOR providers means transferring employment contracts to new local entities, which can take weeks per country and must respect local notice and continuity rules.

Moving off Rippling is harder still because its data graph ties HR, IT and payroll together, so untangling one module affects the others. Plan a phased migration rather than a hard cutover.

16

How We Compared Deel and Rippling

Whichapp is an independent comparison site for global payroll, EOR, and contractor management platforms. We do not sell these services and do not accept payment for editorial placement. We may earn a commission if you book a demo or request a quote through links on this page. This comparison was produced by our editorial team and was not reviewed or approved by either provider before publication.

Data Sources

  • Provider pricing pages for both brands (verified April 2026)
  • G2 and Capterra reviews for both brands (Jan–Apr 2026)
  • Provider help centre documentation and country guides
  • Whichapp provider score composite data (see sources & data)

Research Approach

  • Pricing model and total employment cost
  • Entity model and compliance infrastructure
  • Country coverage depth and quality
  • Platform usability and onboarding experience
  • Customer support model and response standards
  • Verified user feedback from G2 and Capterra

Both providers were assessed across the same six dimensions: pricing model and total employment cost, entity model and compliance infrastructure, country coverage depth and quality, platform usability and onboarding experience, customer support model and response standards, and verified user feedback from G2 and Capterra. Neither provider was engaged for a paid pilot or contract as part of this comparison.

Whichapp Research used in this comparison

Independent comparison. No paid placement or sponsored rankings. We document and compare from published vendor materials, pricing pages, and third-party user evidence. We do not test platforms in-house.